To fully grasp the transformative power of GTA, it’s essen- tial to distinguish it from gender-sensitive and gender- responsive approaches. In that, a gender-sensitive approach involves recognizing and considering gender differences, inequalities, and relations. However, its influence on project planning and implementation can be seen as marginal. In contrast, a gender-responsive approach delves deeper, thor- oughly analysing and incorporating gender-sensitive research findings into the design and execution of projects, ensuring that gender considerations are integral to the process. Continuum of gender integration EXPLOITATIVE UNAWARE SENSITIVE RESPONSIVE TRANSFORMATIVE Interventions that ignore gender considerations altogether. Interventions that intentionally or unintentionally reinforce, take advantage or exacerbate gender inequalities and stereotypes. 38 Interventions that analyse and ac- knowledge that dif- ferent genders are impacted differently or may have differ- ent roles, needs, vulnerabilities or capacities, but work around those differ- ences and inequali- ties to achieve the objectives, without promoting systemic change. Interventions that reflect awareness of the needs and vulner- abilities of different genders (including gender minorities) and adapt interven- tions to better meet the needs of marginalised gender groups, without ad- dressing root causes of gender inequality. Interventions that seek to transform gender relations to achieve objectives. They challenge inequitable gender norms and rela- tions to promote equality, aiming for a structural and lasting change in how different genders (including minorities) are valued. Source: Concept on the gender-transformative approach that has been prepared by the EU Member States’ gender experts’ work- ing group as of July 2024. The gender-transformative approach goes beyond both. It critically questions and seeks to change the gender norms, structures, and power dynamics that inevitably legitimize inequalities. This approach not only addresses the symptoms of gender inequality but also aims to transform the societal structures that work to sustain these disparities, paving the road towards sustainable gender equality. Implementing GTA in international development is not without its challenges. The complexity of deeply ingrained societal norms, variance of cultural contexts, and sector-spe- cific discrimination can create significant hurdles – for example, challenges facing women’s participation in STEM careers or lack of men in care professions. Additionally, mea- suring the transformative impact of projects is often diffi- cult, requiring nuanced and context-specific monitoring and evaluation. However, the opportunities for impactful change are immense. GTA can lead to profound shifts in societal attitudes and structures, creating more inclusive, cohesive, and equitable communities. A key question for GTA is and will increasingly become, what is its relationship with anti-rights and anti-feminist movements. While research and data on GTA in the context of international development efforts is still emerging, the rise of anti-rights and anti-feminist movements are increasingly challenging hard-won gender gains. In this respect, addi- tional understanding is needed of how gender-transformative approaches have the potential to resist, counteract or alterna- tively incite these movements.